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Il dilemma del carrello. E tu cosa scegli?

Giovanna IengoGiugno 11, 2021
929 11.339 2 minuti letti

Ognuno di noi, a modo proprio, è convinto di possedere un’etica irreprensibile.

Siamo certi di essere dotati di inconcussi e incorruttibili valori adamantini.

Ma siamo sempre pronti a seguirli? E se fossimo davvero tutti tanto decorosi, il mondo sarebbe realmente così malconcio?

Esiste un esperimento che mette a dura prova le nostre convinzioni. Siete pronti a provarci?

Nel 1967 la filosofa britannica Philippa Ruth Foot formulò un dilemma etico che fonde psicologia, politica, filosofia e sociologia. Si tratta del problema del carrello ferroviario, il cui nome originale corrisponde a The Trolley Problem.

L’enunciazione vede la presenza di un tram privo della capacità di frenare.
Il percorso sul quale è posto fa dipartire due binari. Su uno di essi sono legate cinque persone impossibilitate a scappare. Sull’altro un individuo vive la stessa condizione.
La direzione del mezzo protende verso i cinque. C’è però un deviatore, una leva che può essere tirata per cambiare la situazione e con essa il destino di molteplici soggetti. E nei suoi pressi si trova un’ennesima persona – che non conosce la storia e l’animo di nessuno dei sei – a cui sono affidate le redini del fato. Quest’ultima ha quindi due opzioni: tirare la leva o lasciare che il tram continui il suo cammino. Scegliendo di usarla cambierebbe la rotta del veicolo decretando la fine di una vita in favore di cinque. Preferendo non farlo lascerebbe che il mezzo passasse sopra a cinque persone salvando l’altra.

Sono nate, dal dilemma del carrello, innumerevoli varianti, le cui più famose sono:

  • L’uomo grasso (the fat man): la situazione del tram e delle persone sulle rotaie è la stessa, ma non c’è la leva. Al suo posto c’è un uomo il cui peso fermerebbe il treno. Per cui l’individuo a cui è affidata la sorte dovrebbe spingere the fat man sui binari per salvare le sei vite.
  • Il criminale grasso (the fat villain): l’unica differenza con la circostanza precedente è che il soggetto dal fisico non particolarmente longilineo è un noto criminale.
  • L’anello (the loop): la deviazione del carrello avviene verso un binario che si ricollega ad anello al principale. Ma, prima di incappare contro le cinque persone, il tram trova sul suo percorso un uomo grasso che, investito, fermerebbe il veicolo e le salverebbe.
  • L’uomo del campo (the man in the yard): sul secondo binario non c’è un uomo, ma un altro carrello col quale il primo si scontrerebbe deragliando. Uscendo dai binari ucciderebbe un uomo in un campo lì vicino.

La controversia etica è stata sottoposta a molteplici persone. Ed ognuna ha dato la propria versione di moralità e giustizia, dichiarando ciò che sceglierebbe se fosse l’artefice di questi destini altrui. E di conseguenza anche cosa la farebbe stare più a suo agio con le conseguenze delle sue azioni.

Il filosofo e scienziato Joshua Greene ha appurato che la maggior parte di esse ritiene che sia una scelta morale quella di utilizzare la leva a favore delle cinque persone e a scapito della singola, considerandolo un atto compiuto per il bene della maggioranza. L’uomo di scienza ha constatato che le stesse considerano invece omicidio spingere un uomo sui binari.

E voi, invece, quale scelta prendereste? Dove vi porta la vostra etica?

Giovanna Iengo

Vedi anche: È la sazietà semantica o sono ignorante?

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Giovanna IengoGiugno 11, 2021
929 11.339 2 minuti letti
Foto di Giovanna Iengo

Giovanna Iengo

Giovanna Iengo, appassionata di serialità televisiva statunitense e di streamer globalizzati. Si affaccia all'intersezionalità nei panni di alleata e prova a scoprire il mondo, tra un approfondimento e un po' di attualità.
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