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Lobotomia ovvero un’oscura pratica medica

Aurora ScarneraSettembre 16, 2021
1.340 7.020 3 minuti letti

Fin dagli ultimi anni dell’Ottocento ai primi cinquant’anni del Novecento, una pratica medica dalla dubbia utilità era popolare e approvata: la lobotomia. 

Alla base della lobotomia, detta anche leucotomia, vi era un’idea che affascinava i medici. La convinzione era che quest’intervento avrebbe sedato i pazienti affetti da alcune malattie psichiatriche. 

Già nel 1880, lo psichiatra svizzero Gottlieb Burckhardt cominciò i primi esperimenti di lobotomia. I suoi studi e le sue ricerche furono importanti per i due medici Antonio Egas Moniz, neurologo portoghese, e Walter Jackson Freeman II, neurologo statunitense. 

Il 1935 è un anno cruciale: a Londra, durante un simposio riguardo ai lobi frontali, furono presentati due scimpanzè. E fin qui tutto sembrerebbe normale, senonché i due scimpanzè apparivano molto più mansueti rispetto al solito. Ai due animali vennero distrutte le connessioni nervose dei lobi frontali. 

Sempre nel 1935, Moniz compie il suo primo intervento di lobotomia su un essere umano. Il suo paziente zero fu una prostituta di 63 anni. Tra i suoi primi esperimenti appare ancora una donna, mentalmente instabile. 

Gli anni ’40 sono il decennio d’oro per Moniz e Freeman: pubblicano articoli sulla lobotomia, da loro considerata essenziale per sedare l’aggressività di alcuni pazienti e per limitare i loro impulsi suicidi. Nel 1949 Moniz riceve addirittura il premio Nobel della medicina. Insomma, la lobotomia sembra inarrestabile. 

I pazienti che subivano l’intervento della lobotomia erano soprattutto donne. I dati parlano chiaro: ben l’84% dei lobotomizzati tra Francia, Belgio e Svizzera fino alla metà degli anni ’80 erano donne. 

Si può dire che con la lobotomia si è realizzato un film dell’orrore, perché i pazienti e le pazienti lobotomizzati erano, praticamente, zombie. Poiché l’intervento, brutale e assolutamente doloroso, coinvolgeva la parte del cervello collegata a: motivazione, emozioni, valutazione del rischio, comportamento sociale, è chiaro che, una volta eliminata questa parte i pazienti vivevano in uno stato vegetativo.

Il compare di Moniz, Freeman, divenne una superstar. Girando con la sua “lobotomobile” (così chiamavano l’automobile grazie alla quale si spostava per praticare gli interventi), Freeman in breve tempo attirò l’attenzione dei media, affascinati dalla possibilità di cambiare le persone “più moralmente discutibili” della società. 

Nel 1945, Freeman e il collega Watts utilizzarono un metodo più raffinato: attraversare le orbite degli occhi grazie ai punteruoli detti “rompighiaccio”, in maniera tale da non devastare l’intero cranio.

Passano gli anni e la lobotomia non cessa di esistere, tutt’altro. Non saranno solo Freeman e Moniz ad applicarla, ma tanti altri medici di tutto il mondo.

I benefici superano i danni? Nient’affatto! Pochissimi sono stati i pazienti “guariti” da questa pratica oscura. La maggior parte dei pazienti vegetava, letteralmente, nei manicomi, in condizioni pietose.

Aumento dell’appetito, assenza di emozioni, abbassamento della qualità delle capacità intellettive, della spontaneità, tutto questo subiva una persona lobotomizzata.

Anzitutto, la comunità medica cominciò a notare che gli effetti devastanti della lobotomia erano sotto gli occhi di tutti. Alcuni paesi, come: Unione Sovietica, Giappone, Germania, cominciarono a bandire la lobotomia. Ciononostante, altri paesi europei (tra cui il Regno Unito) continuavano a considerarla legale.

La letteratura diventa un buon alleato per i pazienti lobotomizzati. Sempre negli anni ’50, lo scrittore Tennessee Williams scrisse Improvvisamente l’estate scorsa, opera teatrale e di denuncia contro la lobotomia. La sorella di Williams fu lobotomizzata. 

Negli anni ’60 tocca, invece, allo scrittore Ken Kasey di denunciare questa pratica barbara, nel suo libro famosissimo Qualcuno volò sul nido del cucuo, da cui è tratto il film con Jack Nicholson. 

Con la diffusione (negli anni ’50) del farmaco neurolettico clorpromazina, la lobotomia è sempre meno adoperata. 

Avete presente Shutter Island? O Sucker Punch? O la stagione Asylum di American Horror Story? Bene, questi film e questa serie TV danno un ritratto non troppo distante dalla realtà rispetto a quello che la lobotomia fu: devastante, annichilente e dolorosissima, sia fisicamente ma soprattutto mentalmente. 

Tra i pazienti costretti alla lobotomia spiccano due donne: Rosemary Kennedy, la sorella di John, ed Evita Peron. La prima effettuò un passaggio da ragazza di 23 anni sessualmente libera a donna sulla sedia a rotelle per buona parte della sua vita, a causa dell’intervento. La seconda era la più che amata first lady argentina, sottoposta all’intervento poco prima dello stadio terminale del cancro che aveva. 

La cultura di massa ha sicuramente contribuito a rendere noto quanto anche la medicina possa sbagliare. Ad oggi, però, il premio Nobel a Moniz non è mai stato detratto. 

Attualmente, la lobotomia viene ancora applicata ma solo in casi di epilessia gravissima e con metodi assolutamente meno invasivi rispetto al passato.

Aurora Scarnera

Vedi anche: Medicina rigenerativa: tra cellule staminali e tecniche di clonazione

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Aurora ScarneraSettembre 16, 2021
1.340 7.020 3 minuti letti
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Aurora Scarnera

Classe 1998, frequenta il primo anno di Filologia Moderna presso l’Università di Napoli Federico II. Giornalista pubblicista dal 2020 e cantante occasionale, scrive articoli dai tempi del liceo. Curiosa del mondo, crede fermamente nel valore dell’informazione e nella forza del suo veicolo trasmissivo.
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