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DADizioni – Ripetizioni ai tempi della didattica a distanza: Guelfi e Ghibellini

La RedazioneGennaio 26, 2023
335 2.253 1 minuto di lettura

Queste due fazioni nascono in Germania nel XII secolo e indicano i sostenitori dei due contendenti al trono imperiale dopo la morte di Enrico V nel 1125.

I Guelfi (dal castello di Welf) erano i sostenitori di Lotario di Supplimburgo mentre i Ghibellini (dal castello svevo di Waibling) simpatizzavano per Corrado di Svevia.

Con il trascorrere del tempo le due fazioni assunsero caratteri sempre più politici e il loro scontro finisce per oltrepassare i confini tedeschi. Quando Federico il Barbarossa divenne imperatore nel 1152 i Ghibellini lo sostennero, in quanto di casata sveva. In tutta risposta i Guelfi appoggiarono il nemico numero uno dell’impero: il papato.

Lo scontro giunge nell’Italia dei Comuni tra il 1239 e il 1242, anni in cui lo scontro tra il papa e l’imperatore Federico II si fece più aspro. Quasi tutte le città si identificavano o con la “parte guelfa” o con la “parte ghibellina” (come si leggeva nei documenti dell’epoca) e l’adesione all’una o all’altra parte era dettata da interessi, rancori personali o rivalità. È il caso della Toscana dove Siena divenne ghibellina quando a Firenze si affermarono i guelfi, che avevano cacciato i ghibellini dopo la battaglia di Campaldino del 1289.

Sempre a Firenze i guelfi si scissero in neri e bianchi, ovvero in chi voleva il controllo del papa sugli affari della città e in chi sosteneva l’indipendenza politica. A capo delle fazioni vi erano le famiglie dei Donati e dei Cerchi, entrambe interessate alla supremazia cittadina.

Tra i Guelfi bianchi c’era Dante Alighieri, il quale fece di tutto per impedire a papa Bonifacio VIII di impossessarsi di Firenze. Mentre si trovava a Roma in qualità di ambasciatore del Comune, il pontefice indusse il conte Carlo di Valois a raggiungere la città per mettere pace tra le due fazioni. Ma si trattava di una messa in scena poiché i Guelfi neri sostennero il conte ed esiliarono i bianchi, prendendo il controllo. La stessa sorte toccò a Dante il quale, accusato di tradimento, abbandonò la città nel 1303.

Vedi anche DaDizioni – Ripetizioni ai tempi della DaD: Classicismo

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La RedazioneGennaio 26, 2023
335 2.253 1 minuto di lettura
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