Primo PianoArte & Cultura

DaDizioni – ripetizioni ai tempi della DaD: Giacomo Leopardi

Francesca EboliGennaio 25, 2023
911 5.641 1 minuto di lettura

Lo ricordiamo per lo studio matto e disperato, il portamento goffo e quel pessimismo dalle tinte cupissime ribattezzato “leopardiano” in onore del suo “pensiero poetante”. 

Giacomo Leopardi è l’insuperata espressione di un genio individuale così fecondo e caparbio da emanciparsi dalla grettezza culturale del contesto provinciale recanatese – dove nasce nel 1798 – per raggiungere le più alte vette della modernità.  

Venuto al mondo nella stagione antirivoluzionaria del Congresso di Vienna, inizia ad aprirsi al fermento culturale più liberale grazie alla preziosa corrispondenza epistolare con il classicista Pietro Giordani, seguita da ripetuti tentativi di fuga dalla casa paterna, microcosmo che diventa simbolo di una condizione umana universale.  

La formazione di Leopardi è scandita da due tappe fondamentali:  

  • La conversione letteraria (1813-15): una scoperta della bellezza poetica nata da un’insoddisfazione esistenziale cronica, che segna il passaggio dall’erudizione fine a se stessa al culto della virtù antica, attraverso traduzioni dei classici e primi esperimenti lirici. 
  • La conversione filosofica (1817): la transizione dal Bello al Vero scandisce l’adesione ad un materialismo illuminista ed inaugura le riflessioni sparse dello Zibaldone, diario di una vita, nonché summa del suo pensiero. È la stessa stagione in cui Leopardi prende parte al dibattito europeo tra classici e romantici attraverso il Discorso di un italiano intorno alla poesia romantica (1818), un invito a combinare la sensibilità romantica con la purezza della formazione classica, dando così nuova vita al mondo antico di Omero, Dante e Petrarca nelle condizioni sentimentali della modernità.  

Tuttavia Leopardi realizza presto quanto recuperare questa verginità poetica sia illusorio in un tempo in cui l’immaginazione è corrotta dalla speculazione filosofica e si rassegna a celebrare il tramonto della classicità, un tempo ormai estinto. È il cosiddetto pessimismo storico, un lucido rifiuto delle «magnifiche sorti e progressive» che squarcia il velo delle false speranze e abbraccia «l’arido vero» delle moderne società “civilizzate”.  

La sua produzione lirica diventa particolarmente prolifica in questi anni, tra le Canzoni civili – come All’Italia e Sopra il monumento di Dante (1818) -in cui tratta il dissidio tra virtù e fortuna biasimando la decadenza del presente, e i Piccoli idilli (1819-21) come L’infinito e La sera del dí di festa, bozzetti immersi nella natura che riprendono il modello delle liriche pastorali greche. 

È qui che prende forma, attraverso sublimi endecasillabi sciolti, la poetica dell’indefinito e della rimembranza: la rievocazione di un passato lontano, sfumato, che potenzia i sensi e produce piacere; quella nostalgia del ricordo da cui nasce il desiderio di infinito.  

Nel 1822 Leopardi lascia per la prima volta Recanati per far visita agli zii materni a Roma, città che lo deluderà profondamente per i costumi conservatori e l’eccessiva vastità degli spazi, incompatibili col suo ideale di socialità. Quest’assenza di valori condivisi viene raccontata nel Discorso sopra lo stato presente dei costumi degl’italiani -trattato di filosofia politica del 1824 – che analizza storicamente la volgarità dei costumi italiani dell’epoca, poco coesi ed estranei ad un sentimento nazionale reale. 

Allo stesso anno risalgono Le Operette Morali, componimenti essenziali a scopo divulgativo scritti sotto forma di dialoghi tra personaggi immaginari o reali, che raccontano i destini umani con tono satirico o ironico (come in Dialogo di Tristano e di un amico o in Storia del genere umano).  

È l’approdo al pessimismo cosmico, il crollo delle illusioni giovanili e la consapevolezza della sofferenza costitutiva della vita umana, che individua nella natura l’origine di tutti i mali. 

La ragione assume così un doppio volto: diviene illuminista e rivelatrice di una realtà non consolante, in cui l’uomo è debole particella destinata a perire passivamente, in balia dei movimenti ciclopici dell’universo.

Dopo i soggiorni a Milano, Bologna e Firenze – nella primavera del 1828 – Leopardi sosta a Pisa, città ideale in cui riscopre una rinvigorita vena poetica. Qui compone i Grandi idilli (anche detti Canti pisano-recanatesi), riflessioni sentimentali incorniciate da limpidi squarci paesaggistici, in cui l’autore rievoca nostalgicamente i tempi recanatesi (come in A Silvia o ne Il sabato del villaggio). 

La lingua è così raffinata che si parla di “petrarchismo leopardiano”, un’eleganza formale che dà forma, per l’ultima volta, al concetto poetico di rimembranza prima del distacco definitivo da Recanati e della virile contemplazione del dolore espressa nel Ciclo di Aspasia (1831-34).  

È questo il momento in cui l’autore verbalizza i suoi sentimenti per Fanny Targioni Tozzetti, signora fiorentina per cui nutre silenziosamente una travolgente passione, sublimata nelle poesie A sé stesso e Aspasia, ultime liriche amorose prima dell’isolamento napoletano.  

Stabilitosi a Napoli nel 1830 – dopo il sodalizio con Antonio Ranieri – la devastante epidemia di colera del 1836 e l’aggravarsi delle sue condizioni di salute lo costringeranno a trasferirsi alle falde del Vesuvio, dove compone Il tramonto della luna e La ginestra, suoi due ultimi canti. 

È il genio poetico allo stremo delle sue energie che matura la più alta riflessione esistenziale: la resilienza del fiore del deserto diventa simbolo di una nobile resistenza alla precarietà umana, un appello universale a non arrendersi ad una natura matrigna, ma a trovare sollievo in una “solidal catena” di dolore condiviso (pessimismo eroico). 

Leopardi muore nel 1837 a soli 38 anni, senza sapere che il mondo, dopo la sua sublime poetica di disperato coraggio, non sarà mai più lo stesso.  

Francesca Eboli  

Non perderti: Plauso di coraggio al giovane poeta.

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Francesca EboliGennaio 25, 2023
911 5.641 1 minuto di lettura
Foto di Francesca Eboli

Francesca Eboli

Spirito irrequieto made in Naplulè che colleziona fissazioni dal 1995: andare a cinema e a teatro da sola, scovare boutique vintage invisibili e bazzicare posticini senza tempo. Laureata in lingue, scrive, recita e nel tempo libero vaga tra i quattro angoli del mondo con Partenope in tasca. Vietato chiederle cosa vuole fare da grande.
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